Editorial: Weigh data center risks and benefits

Hawaii County is grappling with the potential influx of resource-intensive artificial intelligence (AI) data centers, prompting local stakeholders to advocate for legislative action. Hamakua Council member Heather Kimball introduced Bill 170, which seeks to amend the county zoning code to create distinct categories for "data centers" (AI hubs) and "data processing facilities" (traditional storage), aiming to close a loophole that could allow large AI centers under existing, less stringent regulations. The bill also proposes a moratorium on AI data centers.

The primary drivers behind this proposed legislation are significant concerns regarding water and electricity consumption. AI data centers often employ open-loop cooling systems that consume vast amounts of water, with approximately 70% lost to evaporation and the remainder becoming potentially toxic wastewater, a critical issue for an island with finite water resources. Additionally, these facilities require substantial power, with single data centers demanding anywhere from 100 megawatts to 1 gigawatt, far exceeding Hawaii island's total firm capacity of 280.5 MW, as noted by Hawaiian Electric.

While the editorial acknowledges the valid concerns, it also suggests that an outright ban might be too extreme. It highlights potential opportunities for innovation and cooperation, such as adopting alternative, more eco-friendly cooling methods like closed-loop or liquid immersion systems, or even developers investing in desalination plants. On the energy front, partnerships between local governments, utilities, and AI companies could lead to expansions of local power grids or the development of geothermal energy plants. The article also points to the potential for high-skill job creation through data center development.

Testimony submitted to the Hawaii County Council's Windward Planning Commission on Bill 170 was largely in favor of the proposal, citing resource concerns. The commission has deferred action on the bill until November. Ultimately, the decision rests with the commission and the full County Council to balance the risks and benefits against community needs, with Bill 170 aiming to provide time to craft economically advantageous and environmentally responsible permitting allowances.